A Biography Of Sir James Chadwick Sciences Essay Example

A Biography Of Sir James Chadwick Sciences Essay Example A Biography Of Sir James Chadwick Sciences Essay A Biography Of Sir James Chadwick Sciences Essay James Chadwick had many accomplishments Nobel Prize, wartime knighthood, Master of Gonville and Caius, Companion of Honor but was a troubled, hyper-tense human being, capable of love and choler every bit good as restraint. Chadwick was born in Bollington, non far from Manchester, England, on October 20, 1891, to John Joseph Chadwick and Ann Mary Knowles. Chadwick senior owned a wash concern in Manchester. At the age of 16, Chadwick won a scholarship to the University of Manchester, where he had intended to analyze mathematics. However, because he was erroneously interviewed for entree to the natural philosophies plan and was excessively diffident to explicate the mistake, he decided to remain in natural philosophies. Initially Chadwick was disappointed in the natural philosophy categories, happening them excessively big and noisy. But in his 2nd twelvemonth, he heard a talk by experimental physicist Ernest Rutherford about his early New Zealand experiments. Chadwick established a close working relationship with Rutherford and graduated in 1911 with first awards. Chadwick stayed at Manchester to work on his maestro s grade. During this clip he made the familiarity of others in the natural philosophies section, including Hans Geiger and Niels Bohr. Chadwick completed his M.S. in 1913 and won a scholarship that required him to make his research off from the establishment that granted his grade. At this clip Geiger returned to Germany, and Chadwick decided to follow him. Chadwick had non been in Germany long when World War I broke out. Soon he was arrested and sat in a Berlin gaol for 10 yearss until Geiger s research lab interceded for his release. Finally Chadwick was interned for the continuance of the war, as were all other Englishmen in Germany. Chadwick spent the war old ages confined at a race path, where he shared with five other work forces a stable intended for two Equus caballuss. His four old ages at that place were quiet, cold, and hungry. He managed to keep correspondence with Geiger. Although the work he did under such rough conditions was non really fruitful, Chadwickfelt that the experience of internment contributed to his adulthood. Furthermore, when Chadwickreturned to England, he found that no 1 else had made much advancement in atomic natural philosophies during his clip off. His careful self-humbleness, though, kept him from the spotlight, and his primary function over the following 20 old ages was as Rutherford s helper. They had a complex relationship where Chadwick was confidant, critic and counsellor every bit good as general factotum ( labourer ) for the great adult male, peculiarly during their long association at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. One of Chadwick s first undertakings was to assist Rutherford set up a unit of measuring for radiation, to help in experiments with the radiation of atomic karyon. Chadwick so developed a method to mensurate radiation that required the observation of flashes, called scintillations, in Zn sulphide crystals under a microscope and in complete darkness. Chadwickand Rutherford spent much clip experimenting with the transubstantiation of elements, trying to interrupt up the karyon of one component so that different elements would be formed. This work finally led to other experiments to estimate the size and map the construction of the atomic karyon. Throughout the old ages of work on the transubstantiation of elements, Chadwick and Rutherford struggled with an incompatibility. They saw that about every component had an atomic figure that was less than its atomic mass. In other words, an atom of any given component seemed to hold more mass than could be accounted for by the figure of protons in its karyon. Rutherford so suggested the possibility of a atom with the mass of a proton and a impersonal charge, but for a long clip his and Chadwick s efforts to happen such a atom were in vain. For twelve old ages, Chadwick looked intermittently and unsuccessfully for the neutrally-charged atom that Rutherford proposed. In 1930 two German physicists, Walther Bothe and Hans Becker, found an unexpectedly penetrating radiation, thought to be gamma beams, when some elements were bombarded with alpha-particles. However, the component Be showed an emanation form that the gamma-ray hypothesis could non account for. Chadwick suspected that impersonal atoms were responsible for the emanations. Work done in France in 1922 by physicists Frederic Joliot-Curie and Irene Joliot-Curie supplied the reply. Analyzing the conjectural gamma-ray emanations from Be, they found that radiation increased when the emanations passed through the absorbing stuff paraffin. Although the Joliot-Curie squad concluded that gamma beams emitted by Be knocked H protons out of the paraffin, Chadwickimmediately saw that their experiments would corroborate the presence of the neutron, since it would take a impers onal atom of such mass to travel a proton. He foremost set to work showing that the gamma-ray hypothesis could non account for the ascertained phenomena, because gamma beams would non hold plenty energy to chuck out protons so quickly. Then he showed that the Be karyon, when combined with an alpha-particle, could be transmuted to a C karyon, let go ofing a atom with a mass comparable to that of a proton but with a impersonal charge. The neutron had eventually been tracked down. Other experiments showed that a B karyon plus an alpha-particle consequences in a N nucleus plus a neutron. Chadwick s first public proclamation of the find was in an article in the diaryNaturewith a title feature of his retiring personality, Possible Being of a Neutron. It was his find of the neutron, in an experiment of demilitarizing simpleness in 1932, which pulled him from Rutherford s shadow and won him, with unusual promptitude, the Nobel Prize for natural philosophies in 1935. He was now a giant in his field, and all his studious attempts to give recognition to others could non hide it. That same twelvemonth, Chadwicktook a place at the University of Liverpool to set up a new research centre in atomic natural philosophies and to construct a atom gas pedal. Chadwick s repute manifested his engagement with the atomic bomb and the single-mindedness he brought to the early thought and feasibleness work in Britain, and to the subsequent development of the arm in the US. Chadwick, among the first to see the potency for a arm and to recognize that Nazi Germany might be doing it, threw himself into the undertaking and ended up in consequence in charge on the British side. Chadwick s find of the neutron made possible more precise scrutinies of the karyon. It besides led to guesss about uranium fission. Physicists found that pelting uranium karyon with neutrons caused the karyon to divide into two about equal pieces and to let go of energy in the really big sums predicted by Einstein s expression E=mc2. This phenomenon, known as atomic fission, was discovered and publicized on the Eve of World War II, and many scientists instantly began to theorize about its application to warfare. Britain rapidly assembled a group of scientists under the Ministry of Aircraft Production, called the Maud Committee, to prosecute the practicality of an atomic bomb. Chadwick was put in charge of organizing all the experimental attempts of the universities of Birmingham, Cambridge, Liverpool, London, and Oxford. Initially Chadwick s duties were limited to the really hard and purely experimental facets of the research undertaking. Gradually, he became more involved with other responsibilities in the organisation, peculiarly as interpreter. Chadwick s work in measuring and showing grounds convinced British authorities and military leaders to travel in front with the undertaking. Chadwick s engagement was wide and deep, coercing him to cover with scientific inside informations of uranium supplies and radiation effects every bit good as broader issues of scientific organisation and policy. His correspondence during this clip referred to issues runing from Britain s relationship with the United States to the effects of Co on the wellness of sheep. As the force per unit areas of war became greater, the British realized that even with their theoretical progresss, they did non hold the practical resources to develop a on the job atomic bomb. In 1943 Britain and the United States signed the Quebec Agreement, which created a partnership between the two states for the development of an atomic bomb. Chadwick became the leader of the British contingent involved in the Manhattan Project in the United States. Although he was diffident and used to the isolation of the research lab, Chadwick became known for his tireless attempts at coaction and his acute sense of diplomatic negotiations. He maintained friendly Anglo-American dealingss despite a great assortment of scientific challenges, political battles, and conflicting personalities. On July 16, 1945, he witnessed the first atomic trial in the New Mexico desert. After the war, Chadwick s work continued to concentrate on atomic arms. He was an adviser for the British representatives to the United Nations sing the control of atomic energy around the universe. Although he pushed for atomic policy issues every bit much as he pushed for scientific solutions, Chadwick finally saw the inutility of the atomic bomb. Margaret Gowing, in her article, James Chadwick and the Atomic Bomb, wrote that Chadwick made a comment about the bomb saying Its consequence in doing agony is out of all proportion to its military consequence. Chadwick s postwar engagement with atomic energy was non limited to arms. He besides was interested in medical applications of radioactive stuffs, and he worked to develop ways of modulating radioactive substances. Chadwick was a dedicated and indefatigable scientist who balanced his committednesss to science with a committedness to his household. He and his married woman, Aileen Stewart-Brown, whom he married in 1925, had twin girls. Chadwick was diffident and serious and had an demanding sense of subject and a indefatigable attending to item. When he was at the Cavendish research lab, all documents that went out for publication passed under his critical regard. Here is a adult male known as psychologically delicate so weak at times that he would plead unwellness to avoid an unwelcome confrontation with a mere undergraduate who for five old ages drives meetings, knocks scientific caputs together, toughs ministries and conducts the most delicate diplomatic negotiations with the Americans. He went on to fall in the great and good in postwar Britain and was honored for his work, but what he had done in the war, invariably fighting against his ain nature and inherent aptitudes, left him weakened and at times about defeated by life. Although his ability to work out jobs and form people neer left him, he seems progressively to hold used unwellness ( which mystified his physicians ) to screen himself against troubles. In 1950 he was proposed as vice-chancellor of Cambridge University, but turned it down on wellness evidences. He was knighted in 1945 and in 1948 was elected maestro of Gonville and Caius College, a station from which he retired in 1959. Three old ages subsequently he retired besides from the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, on which he had served as parttime member from 1957. Sir James Chadwick died in Cambridge, England, on July 24, 1974. Mentions 1. Brown, Andrew ( July 31, 1997 ) The Neutron and the Bomb: A Biography of Sir James Chadwick. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. 2. James Chadwick ( 27 Feb. 1932 ) Letterss to the editor: Possible being of a neutron, Nature, vol. 129, page 312. 3. Chadwick, J. ( 1932 ) The being of a neutron, Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A, vol. 136, pages 692-708 4. Gowing, Margaret ( January, 1993 ) Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. JamesChadwick and the Atomic Bomb, pp. 79-92. 5. Oliphant, Mark ( December, 1982 ) The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. The Beginning: Chadwick and the Neutron, pp. 14-18. 6. Pollard, Ernest ( October, 1991 ) Physics World. Neutron Pioneer, pp. 31-33. 7. Ioan, James ( 2004 ) Remarkable Physicists From Galileo to Yukawa. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Madison Ellenburg Physical Science

Beka Lamb Essays

Beka Lamb Essays Beka Lamb Essay Beka Lamb Essay Independent study Project| ENG 3UI| | Beka lamb by Zee Edgell and The hummingbird tree| | Taneese Jones| 6/12/2011| | Introduction Summary of the novel: In the novel Beka Lamb by Zee Edgell, Beka experiences various events that contribute to her sense of responsibility and maturity. Beka Lamb is the debut novel of Belizean author Zee Edgell. It is the story of both Beka and Belize, an adolescent girl and an adolescent country. Set in Belize in the 1950s, fourteen-year-old Beka struggles with growing pains complicated by the society in which she lives while her country struggles to move from colonialism to independence. Among these is her parents growing disappointment over her habit of lying as Beka has  a tendency to tell tales in order to get out of trouble. Beka lies about passing her final exams and after being found out and witnessing the sheer sorrow in her fathers face, she recognizes that this must be a turning point for her. She vows to turn over a new leaf and thereafter stop telling lies. In addition, Beka receives a valuable life lesson as her best friend Toycie finds herself intertwined in a tragic dilemma. Beka learns about the pitfalls of infatuation, the pangs of betrayal and the stigma of an unwanted pregnancy. Death also plays a significant role in the novel as Toycies  horrific end sends shock waves throughout the small community. While the death of Toycie causes great grief and sorrow, it also serves to remind the villagers of the fragility of life and the secrets that can torment and consume an individual. On the other hand, death serves as an escape from all the problems   of life and it appears that Toycies death in some respects appears more favourable than the option of being forfeited out of an education and having to live with the stigma of an unwanted child. The aspect of change will be focused on in this presentation. Thesis statement- change in society can influence an individual’s character * Change begins its development when the main character beka lamb recognizes that a change began politically and how women were viewed in society. * Change develops as Beka has matured an developed as an individual * Change is developed into the issue of success and failure Sub-topic one Change begins its development when the main character beka lamb recognizes that a â€Å"change† began politically and how women are viewed in that society. A) Change is also associated with politics as we see that there is a symbiotic transformation as Bekas change is compared to political change and reform. It was implied by the researcher that Bekas internal change occurred simultaneously with the political amendment. She developed an interest in the political situation in her country. Her interest in the politics of her country and her attempt to understand and prove to her father that he was contradicting what he said about the political situation showed that she was on the verge of maturity. Her influence to notice the political change is due to the constant discussion from her grandmother miss ivy and her friend miss Eila. † An long befo’ time , you wouldn’t be at convent school. †The politics affected the economy as there was a lot poverty due to devaluation. The description of the houses as weathered wooden houses and rusty zinc rooftops further develops this theme and gives the reader a clearer image of what the situation was like in Belize. Also, the flashback that Beka had about the walk she and her friend had in Fort George shows that the girls preferred the wealthier areas and that the walk was a sort of escape from the town which seemed staler, dirtier and altogether less pleasant that the lovely areas they had left. B) The social insecurity that Edgell dramatizes involves the ethnic threat that Creoles feel from the rising Hispanic population and the socioeconomic frustrations that Creoles undergo as they try to rise from lower to middle class statusall in the larger context of Belize moving from colony to independent state. Zee Edgell seems hopeful that, through proper discipline, Creoles can both regain their status in the Belizean ethnic hierarchy and also move from menial to more professional occupationsand without compromising too much their rich cultural heritage. In Beka Lamb women are the ones who are seen as the care givers and the ones to take care of the home. The majority of them do not work and even having an education for the lower class is untold or unheard of. The Belizean society sets trends that as she is black she is looked down upon her to be another statistic as many of the other women in society have become. Beka decides to be different and as society tries to shape her destiny she pushes herself to be an example for younger children after she had realised that the way society view women had great impact on her and that she settled for what society viewed her to be. The story illustrates the reality of the Belize culture. Male characters work or become educated while the women maintain the homes and earn what income they can. In the novel, the few male characters have at least one fault that turns the reader away. Emilio impregnates Toycie, but then will not marry her. Bill fails to show consistent affection to his family; he often seems uninterested or too busy. The women who surround Beka influence her thinking and judgments. Interestingly, the women are politically well-informed. One would not expect the simple women to have interest in politics. While Beka respects her father, she does so partially out of fear and partially because she is supposed to. Bekas respect for Granny is different. Granny knows more about life and about Belize than either Beka or her father. Bekas ability to recognize this demonstrates not only Bekas maturity, but also her curiosity about and reverence toward the Belize culture. Subtopic two Change developes an individual. A) As the novel begins, Beka has just won an essay-writing contest at her school. That night, as she sits in her grandmother’s chair, she begins to reminisce about the long, uphill battle she fought to reach this point in her life. Seven months earlier, Beka was having trouble with telling the truth. She lied about small things, such as saying she swept the attic when she really did not. Her most recent lie, however, is the worst of all. She told her father that she passed first form when she really failed. Not only does Beka lie, but she neglects her school work as well. Characterized by her Aunt as a Queen, Toycie is almost the complete opposite of Beka. She is beautiful and studious. The quality that links them together is their ability to find themselves in bad situations. Their friendship had developed at a young age and has grown into a sisterhood. As a job, Toycie took care of Beka and her brothers. From there, the two shared many secrets. Being each others confidant, they spent a lot of time together. They would go on walks and share their thoughts or ambitions with one another. They also had a system of checks and balances. When Beka was in trouble at school, Toycie offered to help her with her studies. She also urged Beka to be truthful with her parents. In return, Beka tried to persuade Toycie to find help when she became pregnant. Beka was also there for her when her boyfriend refused to accept the baby as his own. In Toycies hardest times, Beka was always around, trying to help. Because of their strong friendship, Beka wanted to be her shoulder to lean on. B) When Toycie asks Beka why she failed first form she replies, â€Å"I fooled around instead of doing my work† (Edgell 35). Beka realizes that she does not focus on her schoolwork the way she should. When Beka does her chores, she skips parts of the floor while sweeping, she pushes old newspapers and dirty clothes under the beds while cleaning, and on her way to the market she lingers at Toycie’s house. However, once Beka tells her father the truth about failing first form, she realizes that she will have to act more responsibly in order to return to school. She begins by cleaning the attic: â€Å"Beka cleaned the attic with feverish energy; here was a way to start, a way to show her family that she could be different† (Edgell 26). Beka does not skip over parts of the floor and hide the trash like usual. She cleans with all the energy she has. After Toycies accident, Beka realizes that she wants better for herself. She begins to concentrate more on her studies. Mr. Lamb compared Beka to a Bougainvillea plant with all flash and no substance as well as phoneyness and having airs. It started to get bushy and wild and out of control just like beka and her lies. When he cut down the plant, it served as a symbol that Beka was changing. Sub-topic three Change developes the issue of success and failure Success and Failure is also a major issue in the novel. Zee Edgell uses the dream, in chapter two, as a technique to symbolise Bekas transition from childhood to young adulthood. The dream shows what is going on in Bekas life. In the dream, Beka is crying out for help yet no one comes to her aid. In reality it shows that Beka is voiceless. In the dream, Beka is on a bridge and the bridge is moving. the bridge stands as a symbol of change and transformation. It shows that Beka is on a journey but she is still not quite there yet. However Beka is looking down at the filthy creek which represents failure. There are people urging her to jump but if she falls off, she will fail. Ultimately Beka is afraid of failure. Her fear is that when she makes this jump (transition), she will fail. The researcher sees that seven months before Beka won the competition she failed first form and she knew it would disappoint her parents so she resorted to lying. By contrast, when she won the competition her parents, even her grandmother was proud of her and had high expectations of her. The dream in chapter two was a symbol of change, success and maturity. It is a technique used by the author to show what was going on in Bekas life. In her dream Beka was crying out for help but no one heard her, she was voiceless. The bridge was a symbol of change and maturity. It reflects that she was going through a transformation. The people were telling her to jump which is risky. Perhaps this is to infer that there were factors trying to hinder her progress. Also as she was looking down at the creek, there was filth and excrement which infers that if she doesnt get the help, shell f Beka returns to school after Toycies expulsion and wins an essay contest. The self-doubts Beka faced her whole life start to recede. As a freshman, Beka wins an essay contest that she thought she had no chance of winning. By winning the contest, Beka realizes that change is possible. She will not be stuck in the same poverty stricken cycle that Toycie fell victim to, but she will never forget the culture that moulded her into the person she will become. Conclusion Beka Lamb is the debut novel of Belizean author Zee Edgell. Change in society can influence an individual’s character. It is the story of both Beka and Belize, an adolescent girl and an adolescent country. Set in Belize in the 1950s, fourteen-year-old Beka struggles with growing pains complicated by the society in which she lives while her country struggles to move from colonialism to independence. The basic theme is the struggle of the Creole population of Belize to hold on to their ethnic heritage and assert their civil rights while faced with opposition from the Hispanic community. Beka experiences various events that contribute to her sense of responsibility and maturity. Although Toycie is constantly on her mind, Beka takes a large step for herself when she enters the essay contest. Being a repeater, Beka doubts her ability to win the essay contest. To her surprise, Beka wins. This accomplishment brings her closer to her parents because they strive for her excellence in school . In today’s society they are people just like beka who dare to change and eventually does change. It proves that society can shape an individuals destiny but it’s up to that person to decide their own future. Now in society people still has the mentality that men are above women in status and power. For example a woman president has never been elected in the United States because people trust men to be leaders of their lives and country. It shows how societies view women.

Professionalism. As A NonCommissioned Officer, Leader, what it means Essay

Professionalism. As A NonCommissioned Officer, Leader, what it means to be professional, and why we should always be professional as Leaders of Soldiers. What Professionalism mean to me as a Leaders - Essay Example NCOs have the skills to carry out special trainings to correct emerging weaknesses. NCOs train soldiers, so that they are prepared to conduct their responsibilities and duties and can also lead their people. Indeed, Noncommissioned officers make noncommissioned officers. NCOs know how to identify future leaders and help train the latter to be effective leaders too. Furthermore, NCOs are supposed to be the yardsticks for their men’s own performances. They are leaders by model; they act with the direct intent of influencing the behavior and attitudes of their men. Professionalism is also about taking care of the welfare of our soldiers. NCOs ensure the Soldier is taken care of and is mentally and physically gifted to defend this country. NCOs help soldiers deal with both professional and personal problems, so that these problems will not lead to one another or reinforce each other. NCOs educate soldiers about existing benefits and services for themselves and their families, because these can assist them in focusing on their missions. Professional noncommissioned officers understand that their jobs are not limited to that defined by the Military Occupational Specialty. They understand that as members of the volunteer force, they are ready to take initiative and apply themselves in situations that are not clearly defined by their original duties and responsibilities. They know that they are on duty all the time. The clock does not impact professional soldiers; they are on call all the time. Thus, professional NCOs know by heart that there are no permanent schedules and only the call of duty

Robert Frost Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Robert Frost - Research Paper Example Significantly, Frost occupies the status of one of the most read and constantly anthologized poets in American literature. The most remarkable characteristics of Frost’s poetry include the clarity of his diction, his colloquial rhythms, the simplicity of his images, and the unsophisticated and direct method of writing. As Katrin Gischler (2007) maintains, â€Å"Although his career started only at the age of forty, he made his mark as a poet, becoming more and more widely known until at the end he was the United States’ de facto poet laureate. He was a four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize and received an unprecedented number and range of literary, academic, and public honors.† (Gischler, 3) Therefore, it is fundamental to realize that Robert Frost had a highly successful poetic career, which hit its peak when he recited his poem â€Å"The Gift Outright† at the inauguration of John F Kennedy in 1961. This paper makes a reflective exploration of the most es sential thematic elements in the poetry by Robert Frost, focusing on some of his most celebrated poems. Robert Frost was born to journalist William Prescott Frost, Jr. and Isabelle Moodie, in San Francisco on March 26, 1874. At the age of eleven, Frost’s father died of tuberculosis and he moved to New England, along with his mother who now resumed the career of a teacher in order to support the family. From his early school years at Lawrence High School in Lawrence, Massachusetts, Robert Frost developed interest in reading and writing poetry. Following his studies at Lawrence High School, Frost was enrolled at Dartmouth College in 1892, although he did not earn a formal degree. It is evident, from a biographical study of the poet, that Robert Frost had a tumultuous and unstable early life, but a stable and happy adult life with his wife Elinor Miriam White and his children. â€Å"The first thirty-eight years of his life were determined by his own insecurity and vulnerability . Only the influences of his mother†¦ did much to shape Frost’s basic nature. Later on, Frost also felt the influence of his high school comrade, Carl Burrell†¦ The last and longest influential relationship was that with Elinor White, whom Frost married in 1895.† (Gischler, 3) Elinor White remained the chief source inspiration for many of the poems by Robert Frost. A close analysis of the biography of Robert Frost confirms that his personal life, especially the early stages of his life, was overwhelmed with sorrow and hammering, including the death of his father due to tuberculosis, of his mother due to cancer, and the experience of mental illness and depression by his younger sister Jeanie, his daughter Irma, and his wife Elinor. Therefore, it is fundamental to realize that Robert Frost withstood several misfortunes and miseries all through his life to produce some of the most fascinating lines of poetry ever written in literature. Thematic Elements in Frostà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Poetry In American literature, Robert Frost holds a unique and almost isolated position, thanks mainly to the rhetoric devices and thematic elements of his poetry. Significantly, the basic emotional or psychological experiences expressed by this great poet of nature make an impact on the readers even today. It is essential to realize that, even while following the essential principles of versification, Robert Frost’s poetry is rich with psychological meaning and humanist ideologies. The poetic intelligence of Frost can be very well understood in the way he used traditional poetic devices such as

Jackson Pollock's Convergence as Fine Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jackson Pollock's Convergence as Fine Art - Essay Example The paper "Jackson Pollock's Convergence as Fine Art" concerns the art of Jackson Pollok. In 1973, his 1952 painting of Blue Poles was purchased by the Australian government for an outstanding amount of US$2 million—that time the highest price ever paid for a contemporary work of art. His paintings are currently valued up to US$40 million. Only works by Rembrandt, Velazquez and da Vinci had commanded more respect and higher prices in the art market. Another of Pollock’s most well-known pieces is Convergence (1952, oil on canvas, 93 1/2 x 155 inches, exhibited in the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York). The Springbok Company introduced Convergence as a jigsaw puzzle in 1965. The 340-piece jigsaw puzzle was billed as â€Å"the world’s most difficult jigsaw puzzle† as hundreds of thousands of Americans struggled to piece together the reproduction of Pollock’s complex art. As Jackson Pollock rose to fame and to a significant reputation in the world of art, some critics argued whether his paintings were really "art", or just mere paint drips on canvas. The seemingly simple act Pollock performed fuelled controversies and split the public opinion. His masterworks triggered discussions whether his style was raw genius or was his work an arbitrary composition of paint brought about by a drunken state. The definition of art is frequently the issue of debate and argument. What constitutes its nature and qualities is a complicated matter. Who is authorized to define art is also a subject of disputations.

Identify the Purposes of Different Types of Organisation

Identify the Purposes of Different Types of Organisation A business organization when formed it has to adapt some proper decision regarding its future establishment and the overall prosperity or sustainability. So it is very important to measure many economic, cultural, political variables under which the development of a business organization depends. So the environment for a business organization is a very important issue. Before forming an organization the entrepreneur have to justify the environment whether it is business friendly environment. Whether there is any risk matters regarding the financial market or institution or the current economy is healthy. Risk may arise now and then so the entrepreneurs have to alert of it. The purpose of different types of organization: Richard Koch (1997) defines there are only some basic concepts about organization. It is thought before that organization is a group of people who used to share the same purpose like a company organization, a university, or a fund. And with the comprehensive lesson, it is learnt that though there are a lot of organizations who are involved in business activities, they can be classified under three main classes, they are private sector, public sector, and third-sector organizations.it is described the mission, vision and goalpolicy of a company as being defined the primary purpose of the firm, what business it should be, whom the company is going to serve and satisfy for the rest of the time. So the, the organization activities should evolvefrom the mission and goal statement. So many companies, in order to make sure the employee remember about their roles and duties perused to them, they have mission and goal statements on future activities.Moreover, Vision builds up on the goals and objectives, that is, what the organizations ultimate aims or the destiny to grow in the future. The vision statement as a long-term aimof how the organization that is to be shaped in the futuredevelopment and what it could become more profitable. Moreover, he clearly distinguished the mission that is the companys role and future objectives; the vision, that is, what the company could turn into the future sustainability. The extent to which the organization meets the objectives if different stakeholders: What actually is a stakeholder? That is a wide range of discussion, it can be defined that a stakeholderas a person, group, organization, who affects or can be affected by an organizations actions or course of actions.For performing good project management activities, anyone needs to both manage and meet stakeholder expectations and demands. As a result of the assessment should match their wants and demand for what will be provided at the end of the assessment. Why would an organization look at it to use software to assist them with that? Definitely project management software cannot meet the stakeholder objectives and their service, but it is important tool that is in the Project Managers area to facilitate meeting the demand and objectives. (Prasanna Chandra, 2010). Responsibility of an organization and strategies: An organization communicates with stakeholders such as employees, customers, government, suppliers local communities, different ethnic groups intermediaries, financiers. Stakeholders have wide expectations to the company that they require the organization to fulfill, them. Employees expectation to the organization is to pay their salaries and bonuses on due time while the government expects the firm to pay its taxes as soon as possible. Diana Wicks (n. d) demonstrates that the management should also justify other positive and negative external and internal factors such as legislation policies and economic situations that have a direct impact on a firms survival.Business ethics loyalty and good governance form a part and parcel of social responsibility and liability. Business morality concerns the ethical judgments and behavior of persons and groups within company. Stakeholders expect organizations will be responsible for their actions and clarify in their transactions, in addition to respecting the societys norms and customs. The organization should also to ensure that it maintains those activities that contribute to the organizations success while c ontemporarily contributing positively to the welfare of society and country. How economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively: An economic system is resulted from individuals (consumers and producers, suppliers), groups (firms, trade unions, political parties, etc. and the government interactsas a legal and social entity for the economy. The function of an economic system is based on to resolve the basic economic problem that is demonstrated scarcity means the limitation of resources but our wants are infinite so there is an imbalance. There is three questions arise: What has to be produced? How it has to be produced? For whom it has to be produced? There are two economic systems which are frequently used by world-wide. There are called: the free market system in which the government plays a limited role but that is a vital role and the system which is planned where the government takes fully total control on the circulation. In both of these systems there are different elements of resource allocation that is used by the government. There are economies that use a combination of these two processes in particular the planned and free market process also known as the mixed economy system in which many of the decisions about the resource allocation are taken by the government and other by the rest of the government or public.(Festina, 2005). Impact of the fiscal and monetary policies: It talks about current and future strategies of company. The selection first selects the competitors by their assets sales focus of business or geographic reach. In this case all the competitors are profit oriented or making profits. All financial and marketing strategies are discussed in this section. Comparative financial analysis: this section compares the financial standing of competitors with this company. Financial performance of each segments are discussed here. The objectives of these sections are to evaluate the position of ours and our competitors. Stock price comparison helps to understand the financial performance of others. International trade: buying and selling the goods across the borders is known as international trade. International is considered as backbone of a country in new commercial world. The companies are trying to expand the market beyond the borders to make a better profit rather than limiting it in local borders. There are more few reasons for doing business across the borders. One of the vital components of international trade is lower cost in developing nations. Clearly, a company that can pay its workers the equivalent of dollars a day, as compared to dollars an hour, has a distinct selling advantage.so the company has more potential to expand its business though it has the vast business throughout the world. It is also the .vital point of sustaining the market of the business. (Ukessays, n, d) How market structures determine pricing and output decisions in business: The pricing is fully dependent on the competition on the market. According to a research on Transcom global Inc. (2013).In order to interpret the price-output decisions of entity and industry, it started with the description of several market structures under perfect competition, perfect competition, and simplemonopoly, the discriminating started on the monopoly, monopolistic competition, and duopoly. Oligopoly, monopoly and bilateral monopoly the degree and character of competition in these markets which are categorized by the number of transistors the nature of product or elements the freedom of movement of firms and buyers and the suppliers, kind of available market information that is useful etc. The economists given theory of entity and industry considered as profit maximizing method, and accordingly suggests the marginal principle used as the optimum decision rule, erratic of differences between the markets. It is considered help of this principle that equilibrium price and exp ected output are determined at the firms optimum. At the market optimum level, the price costs and expected output are determined by the exchange of supply and demand. Following linear relations, a perfect competitive market model can be constituted. The operation of free market methods and mechanism as well as imperfections in the market used to be, regulated and operated by governmental influence such as taxes, subsides, minimum wage policy, price controls etc. The theoretical-demography and explanations in terms of such subjugate adjustments and interference does not always provide an idea 0 of there or no complexity of real international markets. For example, oligopolistic firms normally tend to maximize on sale by following [MR=O] principle considered as the main one. The complex price-output decisions that are made under the competition .not always be terminated in terms of economic theory and practices. The market forces shape organizational responses: Although there is a variety of market forces exists which may need to be addressed by any organization, there are three common factors that affect businesses in todays world: customer participation, information availability, information demand and cost pressure. These three are the important issues. According to Richard y. Chang (2005)Today, in many organizations who are keen to collect the payments for the purchase of products or services that is provided from the business but when it comes to returning those products or refunding those services, they call it a challenge to find a refund-sometimes requiring acute submissions of paperwork loading on them, long delays to receive a check from the customer by mail or confining the return/refund from the period to a short time framework that is useful to them.. How do these steps and policies can affect the prospect or influence of getting repeat business from these customers as soon as possible? Clearly, taking the lead decision onto en sure that the organization is completely prepared to search the key market vital forces impacting on the organizational performance made today and in the future will make strong Making the position as a strategic business leader in the business world it will lead the business. Business and cultural environment shape the behavior of the organization: Next to efficient structures and processes necessary to the organization, it is must to focus also on what people think normally, but to feel and do in and into the organizations so soon as possible. Keith (2011) and Newstrom (2012) illustrated that Managers should care in that way how the behavior of organizational employees evolves and adapts the rules, how employee behavior is completely shaped by group dynamics and social interaction possible way of change. Numerous results have influenced on managers when making a decision for the company regarding several issues. In theÂÂ  backgroundof any history one of the most significant change one is the procedures how employees used to behave and act in acompany. The organizational culture is absolute term for description the set of beliefs, norms, customs and values that represents fully the characteristics of an organization, and provides the extent for behavior within it individually. Conclusion: Optimal operation can be affected by an organizational culture which is shaped, leadership and management style that mirror environmental and cultural changes in the organization, as well as employee motivation useful for the better production. In such a culture innovations requires new employee behaviors customized the new research that is indispensible and different in order for the innovation to take root level of the company. It is a term used for analyzing scrutinizing the complex organization structure, with the emphasis which revolves around the improvement of shared assumptions made by it.A meaning, beliefs and values derived from the core, which shape and are reformed by employees behavior at working placeTo maximize organizational performance which is fully dependent on the higher satisfaction that requires an organizational culture which inspires employees to learn doing it together, grow and give their very best to the company.

Schizophrenia and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde :: Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

Schizophrenia and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The name schizophrenia is derived from "schizo", which means splitting of the mind (Tsuang 11), and "phrenia" which is derived from the phrenic area which is just above the kidneys where the diaphragm is located. It is a structure innervated by the phrenic nerve. The Greeks and others assumed that the phrenic area was the seat of thought or at least feelings (Berle 12). Up to the 1600s, people with psychotic disorders were sent off in "ships of fools", locked in cages, "flogged into reason", or killed. The care for the insane at this time was the responsibility of nuns and monks (Noll, xviii). In the 1700s, "mad doctors" or doctors specializing in the mentally ill. "They began to devise their own unique classification system for mental disorders. Many cases of what we would now call schizophrenia were probably classified under one or more of these early attempts to devise a more scientific method of understanding mental illness"(Noll, xix). Doctors at this time described the symptoms of schizophrenia somewhat differently (Berle, 14). In 1809, the first clinical descriptions of schizophrenia were written by J. Haslam, however, later it was found that he described a disease called hebephrenia. Some symptoms he included were: loss of memory, more prevalent in females, sensibility blunted, onset at puberty, unconnected with heredity, cyclic, no affection towards parents, inactivity, apathetic, inattention to cleanliness, etc. (Berle 4,5). There is still no unanimously accepted definition of schizophrenia, and appreciable differences exist between the narrowest and widest definition (Tsuang 13). It is a disease that includes a disturbance in cognition that renders the individual "out of touch with reality". Emotions are distorted in schizophrenia and they are typified by being socially withdrawn (Lahey 555). The characteristic symptoms start between the age of 18 and 30. Symptoms include hallucinations and/or delusions. Hallucinations can have various modes. Auditory hallucinations are the most common. These may involve hearing a voice or voices talking to each other and/or to the patient. Visual hallucinations are less common and involve the patient believing they see an object that is not present. Tactile hallucinations are the least common and involve the patient thinking that someone or something is touching them (Nienhuis). Delusions are false or irrational beliefs that are firmly held despite obvious evidence to the contrary. Most common are persecutory, grandiose, and religious delusions.

Effects of Earthquake Essay

Primary effects are the immediate damage caused by the quake, such as collapsing buildings, roads and bridges, which may kill many people. Those lucky enough to survive can suffer badly from shock and panic. Secondary effects are the after-effects of the earthquake, such as fires, tidal waves, landslides and disease. Fire – earthquakes destroy gas pipes and electric cables, causing fires to spread. Broken water mains prevent the Fires being extinguished. Fires spread very quickly in cities, especially in poor-quality housing areas where wooden buildings are common. Tsunamis – an earthquake on the sea floor or close to the coast may cause huge waves. Landslides – earthquakes often cause landslides, especially in steep river valleys and areas of weak rocks. Disease and famine – fresh water supplies are often cut off causing typhoid and cholera. Lack of shelter and food causes much suffering. soil liquefaction when soils with a high water content are violently shaken they lose their mechanical strength and behave like a fluid and so buildings can literally sink. Excellent clip 2011 Japan Tsunamis Mega tsunami caused by a landslide July 9th 1958 Explanation Outline causes A tsunami can be generated when destructive plate boundaries abruptly move and vertically displace the overlying water. It is very unlikely that they can form at constructive or conservative plate boundaries. This is because constructive or conservative boundaries do not generally disturb the vertical displacement of the water column. Subduction zone related earthquakes generate the majority of all tsunamis. Tsunamis have a small wave height offshore, and a very long wavelength (often hundreds of kilometers long), which is why they generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell usually about 300 mm above the normal sea surface. and they travel quickly at speeds over 700 km/h. They grow in height when they reach shallower water.

Military Support Eases the Reality of War for Military Families

The military offers a lifetime of opportunities to young Americans and there families.  Ã‚   Many young people see joining the military as a great escape to a better life, an education that is vital yet paid for, and security for their families.   The military offer great incentives and benefits, but there is also the risk of being sent to war.The immediate effects of war on family members of military personal are psychological including separation anxiety and the fear of losing a loved one.   Many people see the military as a tough system which sends people to work or war and does not offer any repercussions.   This is not the case.   Reviewing the effects of separation anxiety and the fear of losing a loved along with the programs the military has set up to help families through this transition will enable others to see this is not a one sided phenomenon.Separation anxiety occurs when families are separated effecting the spouse and children as well as the military persona l, causing heartache for all parties involved.   Spouses and children are often at the butt of separation anxiety especially during times of war.   Children often have many questions regarding war and the concept of terrorism. The military has great services available to help families cope during this difficult time including local support groups and psychological support.The military has also incorporated virtual help for deployed military personal.   The thinking behinds this being that a soldier knows â€Å"that if his comrades see him talking with one of the shrinks on base, they would lose trust in him, label him a head case. A medical file soon would contain records of the visit. If he ever wanted a promotion, he'd have to explain the weakness of his mind†(Berton, 2004).   So with virtual therapy nothing is displayed on the soldier’s record and the soldier receives the emotional support and help he needs to cope with this difficult time.Fear of losing a l oved one can lead to many types of psychological distress.   This fear may cause anxiety or depression in family members. Beth Sneller gave some insight about military families â€Å"In some ways, they almost feel guilty. When many military parents hear about the death of a local soldier they think at first how glad they are it isn't their child. But then, they say, that relief gives way to a deep feeling of sadness. ‘Every time you hear of a death, you can't help but feel emotional for those poor parents’ said Rod (A father whose son is an army captain)† (Sneller, 2004, p. 13).There fear of losing a loved one has many military families seeking support from local facilities or internet groups.   The internet groups support those who have lost a loved one â€Å"so almost weekly, they say, they're sending condolences to friends across the nation who have lost loved ones overseas. ‘Every single time a picture gets flashed across in the evening news, it's deeply personal,’ said Nancy Manzie of Naperville, whose son, Brent Lewis, is in the inactive Marine reserves. Even if they don't know the soldier (personally), they still feel a connection to his or her family† (Sneller, 2004, p. 13).When considering the military’s effect on society during our current war and wars of the past there has been a negative outlook among the public.   There are rumors of injured soldiers not receiving proper medical care when they return home to the states.   The tough and rigorous lifestyle causes people to shy away from seeking psychological help because of the way the will be viewed by their friends and peers. â€Å"Army Reserve Sgt. Mike Durant, 33, who fought in Al Doha, Iraq, about 20 miles south of Baghdad fromFebruary 2005 to January 2006, said the view toward therapy among the ranks was â€Å"comparable to what it was in the 1940s.† During his tour, Durant, who now lives in Sacramento, saw a friend blown up by an improvised explosive device. At the time, his wife at home was in the process of divorcing him. Durant admitted he had thought of killing himself. â€Å"I wanted the waiting to be over,† he said. â€Å"We'd do IED sweeps along the same roads, some days all day. You were just waiting for it to happen to you.You were waiting to get blown up.† His officers ordered him to visit a field Combat Stress Center for a mandatory 72-hour evaluation. Even before he returned to his battalion, he knew his commanders had lost faith in him. Anyone who was shipped to the shrinks, or sought treatment, was a liability. â€Å"In their eyes, I was no longer reliable,† Durant said. â€Å"I couldn't be trusted. I was unstable to them.† Even though he had been a member of the unit for 10 years and had served as an infantry team leader who was responsible for three men, Durant said that, while he was not officially demoted on paper, his duties dropped from one of leadership to tha t of a rifleman. â€Å"Before I was sent there, I was fairly respected and highly regarded,† he said. After his time at the Combat Stress Center, Durant said, â€Å"Peers and friends didn't want anything to do with me; it was like I had some sort of disease†(Burton, 2004).The military still has strict over the top views about many things.   It is important to keep in mind that the United States Military has been one of the strongest military forces in the world for hundreds of years.   We as a nation are kept safe, happy, and considerably wealthy, compared to other countries, because of the strength of our military.   The military is aware of the damage that can be done by separating a couple or a family and they take every step possible to ease the pain. There is compassion within the military, just not when it comes to warfare.Sneller, B. (2004, October 13). For Military Families, Every Death Hits Close to Home. Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, IL), p. 13. Retr ieved March 19, 2007, from Questia database: https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-123950032/for-military-families-every-death-hits-close-to-home

How Do Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises Sleep

How Do Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises Sleep Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) are voluntary breathers, meaning they think about every breath they take. A whale breathes through the blowhole on top of its head, so it needs to come up to the water surface to breathe. But that means the whale needs to be awake to breathe. How does a whale get any rest? The Surprising Way a Whale Sleeps The way a cetacean sleeps is surprising. When a human sleeps, all of his brain is engaged in being asleep. Quite unlike humans, whales sleep  by resting one half of their brain at a time. While one half of the brain stays awake to make sure the whale breathes and alerts the whale to any danger in its environment, the other half of the brain sleeps. This is called unihemispheric slow-wave sleep. Humans are involuntary breathers, meaning they breathe without thinking about it and have a breathing reflex that kicks into gear when they are sleeping or are knocked unconscious. You cant forget to breathe, and you dont stop breathing when you are asleep. This pattern also allows whales to keep moving while sleeping, maintaining position in relation to others in their pod and staying aware of predators such as sharks. The movement may also help them maintain their body temperature. Whales are mammals, and they regulate their body temperature to keep it in a narrow range. In water, a body loses heat 90 times as much as it does in air. Muscular activity helps keep the body warm. If a whale stops swimming, it may lose heat too fast. Do Whales Have Dreams When They Sleep? Whale sleep is complex and still being studied. One interesting finding, or lack thereof, is that whales do not appear to have REM (rapid eye movement) sleep that is characteristic of humans. This is the stage in which most of our dreaming occurs. Does that mean that whales dont have dreams? Researchers dont yet know the answer to that question. Some cetaceans sleep with one eye open as well, changing to the other eye when the brain hemispheres change their activation during sleep. Where Do Whales Sleep? Where cetaceans sleep differs among species. Some rest on the surface, some are constantly swimming, and some even rest far below the water surface. For example, captive dolphins have been known to rest at the bottom of their pool for a few minutes at a time. Large baleen whales, such as humpback whales, can be seen resting on the surface for half an hour at a time. These whales take slow breaths that are less frequent than a whale thats active. They are so relatively motionless on the surface that this behavior is referred to as logging because they look like giant logs floating on the water. However, they cant rest for too long at a time, or they may lose too much body heat while inactive. Sources: Lyamin, O.I., Manger, P.R., Ridgway, S.H., Mukhametov, L.M., and J.M. Siegal. 2008. Cetacean Sleep: An Unusual Form of Mammalian Sleep. (Online). Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 32:1451–1484.Mead, J.G. and J.P. Gold. 2002. Whales and Dolphins in Question. Smithsonian Institution.Ward, N. 1997. Do Whales Ever...? Down East Books.

Ethics, Consumerism and Social Responsibility Essay

Ethics, Consumerism and Social Responsibility - Essay Example British petroleum is the largest oil company in the world on the basis of market capitalization and proven reserves. It was established in 1908 with oil found in the rugged Persian Gulf after a long and difficult such. Since then, it has transformed from a local oil company to a global energy group, which focuses on various forms of energy. Their businesses include exploration of oil, production, refinery and marketing chemicals. It is the largest energy producing companies in the world that provide fuel for transportation and manufacturing. It extends its services to marketing of petroleum chemicals with a growing presence in gas and solar energy. Due to the nature of its major product, oil, the company is mostly linked to ethical issues such as environmental challenges on a global scale. However, in recent years, the British petroleum company has embarked on reviewing its ethical issues both to its employees and the public. This move is aimed at improving public confidence and prof it maximization for the company. Ethical business practice This is the use of business policies properly in regard to controversial related issues like corporate governance, corporate social responsibility (CSR), bribery, insider training and discrimination (Terry 2011). It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of a particular individual and the entire organization. The work of business ethics is to implicitly regulate areas and details of behavior that lie beyond government control. Therefore, business ethics ensures good moral business practices in the society hence creating conducive environment for competitors, consumers, suppliers, the government and all other stakeholders in the business. Ethical theories Business ethical theories and principles are the foundations of ethical analysis of the business because they are the viewpoints of the society to the business. Through this analysis, the guidance on the ethical performance of the business can be found. These theories include utilitarian approach, rights ethical approach, justice approach, the common good approach and the virtue approach (Leonard, 2011). Utilitarian approach This is the oldest business ethics theory propagated by philosophers like Jeremy, Bentham, James Mill and Mill’s son John Stuart Mill (John 2002). This approach focuses on using ethical actions that would promote values among the societies while limiting the amount of harm as possible. It therefore incorporates the maximum number of stakeholders for it to succeed. In the recent past, the British petroleum company has not been able to limit the amount of harm caused by the company’s operations. Accidents due to human error and mechanical failures have been blamed on various occasions. For example, explosions in Texas in 2005 that killed workers; also oil spill in Alaska in 2006, which over 250000 gallons of oil spilled through,

Review of a Sociology Research Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Review of a Sociology Research - Term Paper Example The sample includes urban and suburban high schools in which at least five students from the original NELS: 88 samples were enrolled. The sample of NELS: 88 students in each high school were augmented to create a representative sample of students for each school in HSES. The study presented is based on the conceptual framework established in the literature that suggests that school resource structures and norms for facilitating college transitions are an important mechanism through which schools influence college enrollment. Moreover, this mechanism reflects distinctive school strategies that have implication for stratification. Using a large sample of high schools and multiple analytic methods, the analysis specifies a typology of college linking strategies and models their effects on college enrollment, with particular attention to how these effects may differ for disadvantaged students. In this way, the analysis offers an empirical extension of the literature that seeks to shed new light on the nature of stratification among high schools and its implications for students and its implications for students from different racial/ ethnic and socioeconomic status (SES) groups. The questions that author address are significant from a sociological persp ective because they reveal a type of organizational stratification among schools that has not been thoroughly explored in the literature and can broaden our insights into the ways in which schools influence stratification in postsecondary education. The analysis is also significant from a policy perspective in that it reveals school structures and practices that are linked to group disparities in college enrollment and may be responsive to intervention. Those Schools foster significant racial / ethnic variation in students’ outcomes that operate primarily as a resource clearinghouse, in which organizational norms limit their role as agents in the college-linking process. The dependant variables for hierarchal